Tillage is the process of mechanical modification of soil in farming practices. Tillage equipment modifies soil structure during various types of soil and tillage tool interactions that includes cutting, crushing, milling, beating, and rebound.
The consequence of soil and tillage tool interactions differs as per the characteristics of the tillage process such as width, speed, depth and practice of soil-engaging act, and the characteristics or condition of the soil that is being tilled, such as structure, texture, friability, moisture, and plasticity. Tillage equipment works to modify soil structure by various mechanical processes like compression, tension and shear. Several tillage operations are performed to loosen and regulate soil in the tillage zone while other tillage operations are designed to form or shape soil. Some of the outcomes of tillage operations are intentional while others can be unintentional, such as the development of a plough pan, increased exposure to erosion and compaction. Types of Tillage Primary Tillage – The purpose of using primary tillage equipment such as disc plough, the mould-board plough is to prepare a soil condition so that a perfect seedbed can be created using secondary tillage equipment. Mould-board plough and disc ploughs invert the soil in a plough layer, causing the burial of crop residues. Soil tilling is usually less than 6 inches deep. Primary tillage is essential where the existing soil conditions obstruct the success of secondary equipment. A perfect seedbed can be prepared using Rotary tillers or rotavator in only one pass. Secondary Tillage – Secondary Tillage equipment such as disc harrow, power harrow and power tillers are used to prepare the seedbed. The process includes levelling, pulverizing and residue burial. S Cultivators - Cultivators are used to undercutting or removing weeds growing between the wide rows of planted crops planted. Conservation tillage - Conservation tillage is performed to maintain at least thirty percent of crop residue or the small grain residue on the surface during the grave soil erosion period. Planters and Seeders – Seeders and Planters are used to open soil and inserts seeds and firm soil. The main purpose of using it is to achieve perfect soil and seed contact and desired depth and spacing for plants. Planters and seeders are suitable for vegetable production farms. No-tillage or zero tillage is used to plant seeds with minimum tillage. Tools to manage surface residue – Various tools and equipment are used for residue management, killing cover crops, mulching and spreading materials on the soil surface.
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